1. F.M. Stenton, ed., Transcripts of Charters relating to the Gilbertine Houses of Sixle, Ormsby, Catley, Bullington, and Alvingham, Publications of the Lincoln Record Society for 1920, 18 (Horncastle, 1922), cited hereafter as Stenton.

2. Stenton, pp. x-xi.

3. Stenton, p. xxxiii.

4. Stenton, p. xxxiv.

5. Stenton, p. xviii.

6. Stenton, pp. xviii-xix.

7. ``When all other evidence fails, the terms in which a parcel of land is defined will often decide whether a charter belongs to the time of Henry II or to that of Henry III'' (Stenton, pp. xix-xxi).

8. Stenton, pp. xxv-xxvii, xxxiii.

9. Stenton, p. xxiii.

10. Stenton, p. xxx.

11. R.B. Patterson, ed., Earldom of Gloucester Charters: The Charters and Scribes of the Earls and Countesses of Gloucester to A.D. 1217(Oxford, 1973), p. 30, cited hereafter as Gloucester; Philippa Brown, ed., Sibton Abbey Cartularies and Charters, 1, Suffolk Record Society, Suffolk Charters, 7 (Woodbridge, Suff., and Dover, N.H., 1985), p. 147 cited hereafter as Sibton; Cf. Stenton, p. xxviii.

12. Gloucester, p. 21; Sibton, pp. 146-47; Christopher Harper-Bill, ed., The Cartulary of the Augustinian Friars of Clare, Suffolk Records Society, Suffolk Charters, 11 (Woodbridge, Suff., and Rochester, N.Y., 1991), p. 22 cited hereafter as Clare.

13. Clare, p. 21.

14. Gloucester, pp. 24-25; Clare, p. 22.

15. Stenton, p. xxx; Sibton, p. 148.

16. Stenton, p. xxvii; Una Rees, ed., The Cartulary of Haughmond Abbey(Cardiff, 1985), p. 4 and n. 28 cited hereafter as Haughmond.

17. Sibton, p. 147.

18. Gloucester, pp. 22-23.

19. Clare, p. 22.

20. Clare, p. 21.

21. Wendy Davies, ed., The Llandaff Charters(Aberystwyth, 1979), p. 7, cited hereafter as Llandaff.

22. Llandaff, p. 7.

23. See B.R. Kemp, ed., Reading Abbey Cartularies, British Library Manuscripts: Egerton 3031, Harley 1708 and Cotton Vespasian E XXV, 1: General Documents and those relating to English Counties other than Berkshire, Royal Historical Society, Camden Fourth Series, 31 (London, 1986), p. 20 cited hereafter as Reading, 1.

24. On the genuine nature of royal confirmations, see Marjorie Chibnall, ed., Select Documents of the English Lands of the Abbey of Bec, Royal Historical Society, Camden Third Series, 73 (London, 1951), p. x, cited hereafter as Bec.

25. Llandaff, pp. 17, 91.

26. Bec, p. x; LLandaff, pp. 10, 17, 25-26; Una Rees, ed., The Cartulary of Shrewsbury Abbey, 2 vols. (Aberystwyth, 1975), 1:xvii, cited hereafter as Shrewsbury.

27. Michael Gervers, The Hospitaller Cartulary in the British Library (Cotton MS Nero E VI), Studies and Texts 50(Toronto, 1981), p. 250; see also Reading, 1:19.

28. Haughmond, p. 4; Reading, 1:4, 7.

29. J.L. Fisher, ed., Cartularium Prioratus de Colne, Essex Archaeological Society, Occasional Publications, 1, (Colchester, 1946), p. iv; Llandaff, pp. 31, 33, 34; Reading, 1:4.

30. Shrewsbury, p. xvii.

31. Michael Gervers, ed., The Cartulary of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in England, 2 vols., Records of Social and Economic History, n.s. 6 and 23 (London, 1982 and 1996), 2, notes to nos. 84 and 96 cited hereafter as Knights.

32. See, for example, A.N. Webb, ed., An Edition of the Cartulary of Burscough Priory, Chetham Society, 3rd ser., 18(Manchester, Eng., 1970), p. 14, cited hereafter as Burscough; Reading, 1:4.

33. S.F. Hockey, ed., The Beaulieu Cartulary, Southampton Records Series, 17 (Southampton, Eng., 1974), p. xxvi; Audrey M. Woodcock, ed., Cartulary of the Priory of St. Gregory, Canterbury, Royal Historical Society, Camden Third Series, 98 (London, 1956), p. ix; Reading, 1:3-4.

34. See, for example, C.D. Ross, ed., The Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey, Gloucestershire, 1 (London, 1964), pp. 221-22, dating note to no. 232/370, and vol. 3, ed. M. Devine (London, 1977), p. 812, dating note to no. 306, cited hereafter as Cirencester.

35. Stenton, p. xxxii.

36. Stenton, p. xxxii.

37. Stenton, p. xxxii.

38. See, e.g., Burscough, Langley, and Reading, 1.

39. Stenton, pp. xvii, xxxiv.

40. M.T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066-1307, 2nd Ed.(Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1993), p. 327.

41. See M.J. Franklin, ed., Cartulary of Daventry Priory(Northampton, 1988), p. 1, Langley, p. xvi, and the entire Suffolk Records Society series of Suffolk Charters.

42. Haughmond, p. 18; P.R. Coss, The Early Records of Medieval Coventry, Records of Social and Economic History, n.s. 11(London, 1986), pp. xiv, 65-66, cited hereafter as Coventry.

43. Reading, 1:23.

44. See Gerald A.J. Hodgett, ed., The Cartulary of Holy Trinity Aldgate, London Record Society Publications 7 (Leicester, Eng., 1971), cited hereafter as Aldgate; Nelly J.M. Kerling, ed., Cartulary of St Bartholomew's Hospital, Founded 1123 (London, 1973), cited hereafter as St Bartholomew's; F.W. Weaver, ed., A Cartulary of Buckland Priory in the County of Somerset, Somerset Record Society 25 (London, 1909), cited hereafter as Buckland.

45. Reading, 1:23.

46. The extent of stylistic variation in charters is noted in Gloucester, pp. 21, 30. Such variants lead in some editions to the unfortunate custom of calendaring (Langley, p. xvi).

47. London, British Library, MS Cotton Nero E. VI, edited in Knights.

48. All chronological references in this section are to approximate (circa) dates.

49. The three documents in which the phrase appears concern nearly contiguous parishes in north-central Essex.

50. It does, however, occur in a Middlesex document issued in 1345 (Knights, 2, no.4).

51. M. Gervers, ``The Textile Industry in Essex in the Late 12th and 13th Centuries: A Study Based on Occupational Names in Charter Sources,'' Essex Archaeology and History 20 (1989), pp. 34-73 (esp. p. 38).

52. The seventy-five represent those entries in Knights, 2, that had been copied without their witness lists.

53. DEEDS is an acronym for Documents of Essex England Data Set.

54. Marion Gibbs, ed., Early charters of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, Royal Historical Society, Camden Third Series, 58 (London, 1939), no. 333.

55. Thus `Iohannes molendinarius', `Iohannes filius Roberti molendinarius' and `Iohannes filius Roberti molendinarius de Colecestria' would each be replaced by a single letter `P'.